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Last Updated November 1, 2024
Ever think about what goes into your mattress? We know, it might not be the first thing that comes to mind when you're ready to dive into bed after a long day. But considering that we spend around a third of our lives sleeping, it’s worth taking a closer look at what’s actually inside the place we rest our heads each night. From memory foam to latex to innerspring mattresses, each type brings a unique mix of chemicals and materials—some essential for comfort and support, and others for durability and safety. But with this range, there can also be hidden chemicals that impact our health.
Let’s break down what’s in each type of mattress, why it’s there, and how to choose the safest, healthiest option for your home.
Key Takeaways:
The materials and chemicals used in mattress manufacturing vary widely, and many synthetic materials are designed to achieve specific characteristics, like firmness or durability, at a low cost. Unfortunately, these materials can also introduce chemicals that may off-gas, linger, and impact indoor air quality. By understanding these chemicals and why they’re used, you can make better-informed choices.
Flame retardants are substances added to materials to prevent or slow down the spread of fire. They became widely used in consumer products, including mattresses, due to regulations aimed at reducing fire hazards. While these chemicals have benefits in terms of safety, they are not without risks.
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), boric acid, and antimony are among the most commonly used flame retardants in mattresses, particularly in synthetic foam mattresses. PBDEs were phased out in many places due to their environmental persistence and health risks, but other substitutes, like tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP) or Firemaster 550, have replaced them and may still present significant health concerns.
VOCs are a group of chemicals that easily evaporate at room temperature, allowing them to disperse into the air. These compounds are released in a process known as off-gassing, which is common in mattresses, especially new ones. The smell often associated with a “new mattress” is the result of VOCs.
VOCs in mattresses generally come from polyurethane foam, adhesives, and flame retardant chemicals. Polyurethane, a petroleum-based material used in memory foam, is particularly high in VOCs. Adhesives and certain treatments used on fabrics to make them stain-resistant or water-repellent may also contribute to VOC levels.
Heavy metals like mercury, lead, and antimony are sometimes present in mattresses as a result of dyes, flame retardants, or other treatments applied to the materials. Some foams and fabrics may also contain heavy metals as a by-product of the manufacturing process.
Mattress chemicals don’t just pose a theoretical risk—these compounds can have real, measurable impacts on health, especially with chronic exposure over time.
People with respiratory sensitivities, children, pregnant women, and individuals with certain health conditions are often more vulnerable to the effects of these chemicals.
Understanding these health risks can help you assess how much priority you should place on finding a safer mattress.
For those sensitive to chemical odors or with conditions like asthma, VOCs, flame retardants, and adhesives can lead to symptoms like nasal congestion, coughing, throat irritation, and headaches. These reactions can interfere with sleep quality, which in turn impacts overall health.
Chronic exposure to certain chemicals that off-gas from mattresses has been linked to long-term respiratory problems, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Prolonged exposure to poor indoor air quality from VOCs can make individuals more susceptible to respiratory infections and worsen pre-existing respiratory conditions.
Many chemical flame retardants, including PBDEs and some phthalates (used in adhesives), are classified as endocrine disruptors. This means they can mimic or interfere with the body’s natural hormones, potentially leading to a range of health issues related to growth, reproduction, and metabolism. In particular, children are more vulnerable to these chemicals, as their endocrine systems are still developing.
Even at low doses, endocrine disruptors can accumulate in body tissues and have lasting effects. Studies show that exposure to hormone-mimicking chemicals during pregnancy and childhood may have developmental impacts, including behavioral and cognitive effects. Additionally, these chemicals are also linked to metabolic disorders, thyroid issues, and reproductive health problems in adults.
For those with sensitive skin or allergies, contact with a mattress containing residual chemicals can lead to skin irritation, rashes, and eye irritation. VOCs and other compounds emitted by new mattresses can cause reactions in people prone to allergies or skin sensitivities, leading to itchiness, redness, or discomfort that disrupts sleep.
With the increased awareness of the potential health risks associated with mattress chemicals, several certification organizations have emerged to verify the safety and quality of mattress materials. Certifications can serve as valuable indicators of a product’s safety, though it’s essential to understand what each certification means and the criteria used.
The OEKO-TEX Standard 100 is a comprehensive certification that applies to all components of a product, from fabric and thread to buttons and zippers. This standard tests for numerous harmful substances, including formaldehyde, pesticides, and heavy metals, ensuring that each part of the product meets strict safety limits.
Benefits: Mattresses with this certification are often safer for people with sensitive skin or allergies, as OEKO-TEX prioritizes eliminating allergens and irritants. It’s an assurance that the mattress materials have passed rigorous testing for a wide range of harmful substances.
GOLS is a certification that applies specifically to latex products, confirming that they are made with at least 95% certified organic raw material. GOLS-certified latex must meet strict standards for material sourcing, environmental impact, and worker welfare. This certification is essential for mattresses that use latex, ensuring that the latex is not only organic but also produced sustainably.
Benefits: A mattress with GOLS certification ensures the latex within it is organic and has been produced without harmful levels of chemicals, such as formaldehyde or synthetic pesticides. It also implies a commitment to eco-friendly practices and fair working conditions, which makes it a strong choice for environmentally conscious consumers and those sensitive to chemical exposure.
GREENGUARD certifications focus on low chemical emissions, specifically VOCs. GREENGUARD Gold certification is more stringent, making it suitable for sensitive environments such as schools and healthcare facilities.
Benefits: These certifications are particularly valuable for people with respiratory sensitivities or for use in children’s rooms, as they guarantee lower VOC levels and prioritize improved indoor air quality
The CertiPUR-US certification is primarily concerned with the safety of polyurethane foam used in mattresses. It ensures that the foam is free from certain harmful substances, such as PBDEs, heavy metals, formaldehyde, and certain phthalates. It also confirms that the foam emits low levels of VOCs, reducing the risk of indoor air pollution.
Benefits: A CertiPUR-US certification doesn’t guarantee that a mattress is completely free from chemicals, but it does indicate that the foam used is held to a higher safety standard. While this certification doesn’t necessarily indicate a fully organic or natural mattress, it does confirm reduced exposure to certain hazardous chemicals.
Buying a mattress is an investment not only in comfort but in health. When making a purchase, consider not only the certifications but the materials and brands that prioritize transparency.
Here are some practical tips to guide you:
Mattresses made with organic cotton, natural latex, and wool are excellent alternatives, as they are naturally flame-resistant and lack synthetic chemicals. Wool, for instance, is both flame-retardant and hypoallergenic, offering a safer, more sustainable option.
Always verify certifications like CertiPUR-US, OEKO-TEX, and GREENGUARD, as they indicate a greater commitment to safety. Beware of terms like “natural” or “eco-friendly” unless accompanied by credible third-party certifications.
A high-quality mattress protector made from materials like organic cotton can act as a barrier between you and the mattress, reducing direct exposure to any chemicals that may off-gas. An additional layer can also help block dust mites and allergens.
Some mattress brands provide transparency about their materials, certifications, and manufacturing processes. Many of these companies prioritize organic materials and non-toxic processes, offering products that align better with health-conscious and eco-friendly values.
Choosing a safer mattress is about minimizing exposure to toxic chemicals that can impact long-term health. With better knowledge of what’s inside a mattress, you can make choices that align with your health needs and values. Look for trusted certifications, prioritize natural materials, and, if necessary, take steps like using protective covers and airing out mattresses to improve the safety of your sleep environment. After all, a healthier mattress means healthier sleep, bringing you closer to true rest and rejuvenation.
Most conventional mattresses contain chemicals like halogenated flame retardants, polyurethane foams, and VOCs (volatile organic compounds) that can emit toxic gases. These substances are added for durability, comfort, and fire safety but may release toxic chemicals that impact health over time.
Yes, memory foam mattresses often off-gas because they are made with synthetic materials, including polyurethane foam. Off-gassing can release VOCs, which are hazardous air pollutants linked to respiratory irritation, headaches, and other health concerns.
Conventional crib mattresses can contain potentially harmful substances, such as toxic flame retardants and polyurethane foams, which may off-gas. For a healthier sleeping environment, parents often consider non-toxic mattresses made from natural materials, like natural latex or organic cotton, for infants.
Synthetic latex is derived from petroleum-based chemicals and often contains additives. In contrast, natural latex comes from rubber tree sap, making it a more eco-friendly and non-toxic mattress option, as it typically doesn’t release toxic chemicals and is considered safer for people with sensitivities.
Polyurethane foam mattresses are known to off-gas VOCs, including chemicals like propylene oxide, which can contribute to indoor air pollution. This off-gassing process can release toxins that may cause respiratory irritation, headaches, and other symptoms, particularly in small or poorly ventilated rooms.
Yes, halogenated flame retardants, common in mattresses and upholstered furniture, are linked to serious health risks, including hormone disruption, increased cancer risk, and respiratory issues. Many mattress companies now offer flame-retardant-free options or use alternative, safer flame barriers.
Prolonged exposure to toxic chemicals from off-gassing, such as VOCs and flame retardants, can increase the risk of chronic health conditions, including respiratory problems and even increased cancer risk. A non-toxic mattress made from organic materials may reduce these risks significantly.
Non-toxic mattresses, such as those made from natural latex, organic cotton, or wool, offer a healthier sleeping environment. These mattresses are typically free of common toxic chemicals found in conventional mattresses and do not release harmful pollutants into the air.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has raised awareness of VOCs and other chemicals commonly used in foam layers and polyurethane-based mattresses. These substances are recognized as potentially harmful, with some linked to respiratory irritation and other adverse health effects.
Look for certifications like GREENGUARD or GOTS, which ensure the crib mattress has low emissions of hazardous pollutants. Non-toxic crib mattresses made with organic cotton or natural latex avoid toxic flame retardants and synthetic materials, providing a safer sleep space for infants.
Certain polyurethane foam mattresses can contain toxic heavy metals like mercury and lead, introduced during the manufacturing process or as a result of chemical treatments. Over time, these metals may contribute to toxic buildup in the body, especially if the mattress continues to off-gas or degrade.
Yes, many mattresses, particularly those made from common mattress materials like polyurethane foam, often contain toxic chemicals such as flame retardants and VOCs. Most mattresses in the market are manufactured with these substances to enhance durability and fire resistance, but they can release harmful toxins over time.
Related blog posts:
1. What is an Organic Mattress?
2. Types of Mattresses Explained
5. Latex Vs. Memory Foam Mattress
Disclaimer: What is said in this article has been referenced from multiple sources and is intended only for educational and informational purposes. Please note that no content in this article is a substitute for professional advice from a qualified doctor or healthcare provider. Always consult an experienced doctor with any concerns you may have regarding a health condition or treatment, and never disregard any medical suggestions or delay in seeking treatment because of something you read here.
